Technology The pandemic has led to the commercialization of language teaching-learning with investments in tools and applications (apps) for language learning (Williamson, Eynon & Potter, 2020). The growing availability of these mobile technologies has contributed to an increase in mobile-assisted language learning in which learners can autonomously study a second language (L2) anytime or anywhere (Kukulska-Hulme, Lee & Norris, 2017; Reinders & Benson, 2017). Research shows the effectiveness of Adaptive AI powered systems in Language learning particularly for grammar (Li & Hegelheimer, 2013), reading comprehension (Chen & Hsu, 2008; Wu et al. 2011; Zurita & Nussbaum, 2004a), vocabulary learning (Motallebzadeh et al; Saran et al. 2012), receptive and expressive language (Liu, 2009; Papadima-Sophocleous et al. 2012; Robertson, 2009, pp. 1–48). Yet, for all the celebration around large-scale commercial L2 learning apps, such a...
